Three years after the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) announced it would allow virtual banks, the hype has quieted; the lenders have all launched, and the results are mixed. The most obvious initial effect of the virtual banks on the city’s financial services market was to spur incumbents to up their digital game and slash some of their fees. In that sense, the increased competition has been good for consumers.
Yet none of Hong Kong’s virtual banks is close to profitability and their total deposits are a drop in the bucket. Per HKMA data, the eight online lenders together had 1.1 million accounts as of the end of the third quarter of 2021. Total deposits were HKD 24 billion, just 0.2% of the total in Hong Kong’s banking system.
The digibanks also have yet to gain customer loyalty. Recent research by Forrester found that 51% of Hong Kong consumers said they would go back to their old bank if the virtual bank stopped offering a higher deposit interest rate.
Some observers expect the pandemic to speed up the paring down of Hong Kong’s massive (for its size) physical bank branch network. Between 2017 and 2020, 72 bank branches shut in the city, reducing the physical banking footprint by 4.4%. As noted by SCMP, Hong Kong is home to 164 licensed banks with about 1,100 branches. It is hard to find a city with more bank branches per square kilometers. And it is expensive to operate those bank branches in a city with high rents like Hong Kong. SCMP estimates that it costs HK$1 million a month to operate a bank branch in the city.
Routing banking activities are also rapidly moving online. According to the HKMA, 98% of retail bank transfers were done digitally in the second half of 2021. At the same time, 39% of new accounts were opened digitally last year, more than double the 17% before the pandemic.
Thus, it is clear that Hong Kong’s banking sector is increasingly going digital, but in most cases customers can access these digital services with their existing bank. This extends to wealth management, the latest segment the digibanks are targeting. Big lenders usually set a threshold of at least US$1 million to qualify as a wealth and private banking customer. Hong Kong’s virtual bank operators can still explore this market, but not the top tier; that is too well covered by incumbents.
Mainland customers, especially in the Greater Bay Area (which has a population of 86 million people), would be an obvious market of interest for Hong Kong’s virtual banks, but it is unclear from a regulatory standpoint when it will possible to foray into the mainland. Beijing’s attitude towards fintechs has changed significantly in recent years. At a minimum, there would have to be clear signals from regulators that the tech crackdown has ended before Hong Kong’s digibanks could smoothly expand in the mainland.